Europe has a rescue package. But who’s going to pay for its coronavirus recovery?

EU finance ministers have approved €500 billion in stimulus measures designed to cushion the blow to their economies from the coronavirus pandemic, while leaving open the difficult question of how to pay for the region’s recovery.

The deal was announced Thursday after weeks of back and forth over how to address the crisis, a bruising process that exposed deep divisions and led Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte to warn that a failure to act would mean “the end of Europe.”

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen gives a press conference on EU efforts to limit economic impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, in Brussels, on April 2, 2020. (Photo by Francois Lenoir/POOL/AFP/Getty Images)

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The stimulus package includes up to €100 billion ($110 billion) in wage subsidies aimed at preventing mass layoffs, as well as hundreds of billions in loans to businesses and credit for EU governments. The finance ministers also pledged to work on a recovery fund that will help the region bounce back from what promises to be a historic recession.

Yet little progress was made on how to finance the response.

Nine of the countries that use the euro, including Italy and France, had called for the European Union to issue debt, dubbed corona bonds, to raise long-term finance for all member states to help repair the damage wrought by the pandemic.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel, backed by the leaders of Austria and the Netherlands, have said no. They have long opposed the issuance of debt at the EU level for fear that it would effectively mean their taxpayers are underwriting spending by poorer member states.

Traders work during the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on March 16, 2020 at Wall Street in New York City. - Trading on Wall Street was halted immediately after the opening bell Monday, as stocks posted steep losses following emergency moves by the Federal Reserve to try to avert a recession due to the coronavirus pandemic.Just after the opening bell, the S&P 500 was at 2,490.47, a drop of 8.1 percent and beyond the seven percent loss that automatically triggers a 15-minute trading halt. (Photo by Johannes EISELE / AFP) (Photo by JOHANNES EISELE/AFP via Getty Images)

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Mujtaba Rahman, managing director for Europe at the Eurasia Group, wrote in a research note on Friday that the agreement reached by the finance ministers punts on this key issue, leaving it to be addressed in future negotiations when leaders “are confronted with a devastated economy and the need to rebuild.”

Analysts at Berenberg Bank said that how the European Union responds to the crisis will have major implication for the future of the bloc. The stakes, they argued, are even higher than during the eurozone debt crisis in 2011 and 2012.

“A perceived lack of solidarity in the worst peacetime crisis in living memory could be dynamite for the longer-term cohesion of the eurozone and the European Union,” they wrote after the deal was announced.

Europe has already taken some other measures to protect workers and business. EU limits on budget deficits have been relaxed to allow member countries to borrow more, and the European Central Bank has also pumped hundreds of billions into markets to prevent the shock from triggering a new financial crisis.

Yet economists still expect Europe to fall into a steep recession.

Germany’s top economic research institutes said earlier this week that Europe’s biggest economy is likely to shrink by 4.2% this year. It expects a contraction of 9.8% in the current quarter, compared to the previous three months, which would be the sharpest decline since record-keeping began in 1970 and more than twice as steep as the most damaging quarter during the global financial crisis.

Boxes of fresh fruit and vegetables are pictured inside the warehouse of Natoora, a fruit and vegetable distribution company, in south London on December 5, 2018. - Fruit and vegetable entrepreneur Franco Fubini knows all about the importance of goods arriving on time, as Brexit threatens to delay delivery of produce into and out of Britain. In an effort to prepare for a so-called hard Brexit following Britain's formal departure from the European Union on March 29, British companies are increasingly stating that they are preparing to stockpile items. While for some this is fairly straightforward, in the case of Fubini's company Natoora -- predominantly a wholesaler but also a shop retailer and food producer -- stockpiling fresh fruits and vegetables is not viable. (Photo by Daniel Leal-Olivas/AFP/Getty Images)

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France’s central bank has estimated the country’s first quarter GDP shrunk 6% from the previous three months. The central bank said the last contraction of a similar magnitude came in the second quarter of 1968, when weeks of civil unrest, demonstrations and general strikes sharply curtailed economic output.

Evidence of a severe recession in Germany and France is bad news for other European countries such as Italy and Spain. They have been hit harder by the pandemic, and their economies are taking an even bigger hit.

The Berenberg analysts said the deal announced Thursday is a “major step forward.” But they said EU leaders must now move quickly to approve a “substantial and impressive” joint recovery fund.

“In a good case scenario, the memory of how this compromise was forged will fade and citizens across the European Union will remember that countries did help each other substantially in the end,” they wrote. “In a bad case scenario, the perception of slow — or insufficient — solidarity could … undermine the political foundations of the European project.”