This image, taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which ESO is a partner, shows the young planetary system PDS 70, located nearly 400 light-years away from Earth. The system features a star at its centre, around which the planet PDS 70 b is orbiting. On the same orbit as PDS 70b, astronomers have detected a cloud of debris that could be the building blocks of a new planet or the remnants of one already formed. The ring-like structure that dominates the image is a circumstellar disc of material, out of which planets are forming. There is in fact another planet in this system: PDS 70c, seen at 3 o'clock right next to the inner rim of the disc.
This image, taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, shows the planetary system PDS 70. At the center is a star, which is orbited by two planets. The ringlike structure is a circumstellar disk of material, which gives rise to planets.
ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/Balsalobre-Ruza et al.

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Astronomers may have found a rare “sibling” that shares the same orbit of a Jupiter-like planet around a young star.

Researchers used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array of telescopes, or ALMA,?in Chile to observe the PDS 70 system, located 370?light-years away in the Centaurus constellation.

Two Jupiter-like planets, known as PDS 70b and PDS 70c, are already known to orbit the star.
But astronomers also spied a cloud of debris within the orbital path of PDS 70b, which could represent the building blocks of a new planet that is actively forming or already formed.

The scientists believe their direct image may be the strongest evidence to date showing that two exoplanets can share the exact same orbit.

A study detailing the findings was published Wednesday in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

“Two decades ago it was predicted in theory that pairs of planets of similar mass may share the same orbit around their star, the so-called Trojan or co-orbital planets. For the first time, we have found evidence in favour of that idea,” said lead study author Olga Balsalobre-Ruza, a postdoctoral student of astrophysics?at Madrid’s Centre for Astrobiology, in a statement.

This chart shows the southern constellation of Centaurus and marks most of the stars visible to the unaided eye on a clear dark night. ?The dwarf star PDS 70 is marked with a red circle.
This chart shows the southern constellation of Centaurus and marks most of the stars visible to the unaided eye on a clear dark night. The dwarf star PDS 70 is marked with a red circle.
ESO/IAU/Sky & Telescope

Trojans are rocky bodies that exist within the same orbit as planets. These phenomena are common across our solar system, including a couple in Earth’s orbit and more than 12,000 Trojan asteroids that exist in Jupiter’s orbit as it moves around the sun. NASA’s Lucy mission, launched in October 2021, will be the first to study these never-before-seen asteroids up close.

Evidence for Trojans beyond our solar system — specifically Trojan planets — has been sparse until now.

“Exotrojans (Trojan planets outside the Solar System) have so far been like unicorns: they are allowed to exist by theory but no one has ever detected them,” said study coauthor Jorge Lillo-Box, a researcher at the Centre for Astrobiology, in a statement.

Trojans can typically be found in Lagrangian points, or the two extended regions within a planet’s orbit where both the gravitational pull of the star and planet can trap materials.

The discovery has caused researchers to question how Trojans form and evolve and just how many could exist in other planetary systems, said study coauthor Itziar De Gregorio-Monsalvo, the European Southern Observatory’s head of the Office for Science in Chile, in a statement.

Telltale debris cloud

During observations of the planetary system, the research team noticed a debris cloud at a point in PDS 70b’s orbit where Trojans might exist. The signal suggested a cloud of debris with a mass of about twice that of our moon, which could be a Trojan planet or a planet in formation.

This image, taken with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), in which ESO is a partner, shows the young planetary system PDS 70, located nearly 400 light-years away from Earth. The system features a star at its centre, around which the planet PDS 70 b (highlighted with a solid yellow circle) is orbiting. On the same orbit as PDS 70b, indicated by a solid yellow ellipse, astronomers have detected a cloud of debris (circled by a yellow dotted line) that could be the building blocks of a new planet or the remnants of one already formed. The ring-like structure that dominates the image is a circumstellar disc of material, out of which planets are forming. There is in fact another planet in this system: PDS 70c, seen at 3 o'clock right next to the inner rim of the disc.
A cloud of debris (circled by a yellow dotted line) may be a newly forming planet in the same orbit as the planet PDS 70b.
ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/Balsalobre-Ruza et al.

“Who could imagine two worlds that share the duration of the year and the habitability conditions? Our work is the first evidence that this kind of world could exist,” Balsalobre-Ruza said. “We can imagine that a planet can share its orbit with thousands of asteroids as in the case of Jupiter, but it is mind blowing to me that planets could share the same orbit.”

The exoplanet PDS 70b, discovered in 2018, has the mass of three Jupiters and takes more than 119 years to complete one orbit around its star, according to NASA.

In order to confirm the discovery of a true Trojan world, the researchers will have to wait until after 2026, when they can use ALMA to see just how far PDS 70b and the debris cloud have progressed in their long orbital period around the star.

“This would be a breakthrough in the exoplanetary field,” Balsalobre-Ruza said.